progestogensare

Progestogens are a class of steroid hormones that produce progestational effects by activating progesterone receptors. The term encompasses the natural hormone progesterone as well as synthetic compounds known as progestins. They are sometimes grouped with other gestagens.

In humans, progestogens are central to female reproduction. They regulate the menstrual cycle, prepare the endometrium for implantation, maintain pregnancy, and influence lactation. They also interact with the brain and other tissues to modulate mood and metabolism. In males, progestogens occur in much lower amounts with limited biological roles.

Natural progestogens include progesterone and the more orally active dydrogesterone. Synthetic progestogens, or progestins, include levonorgestrel, norethindrone, desogestrel, gestodene, drospirenone, medroxyprogesterone acetate, and others. Progestins differ in potency, duration of action, and receptor activity, with some possessing androgenic or antimineralocorticoid properties that influence side effects.

Medical use: Progestogens are used in combination with estrogens in many forms of hormonal contraception and in progestin-only methods. They are used in hormone replacement therapy to safeguard the endometrium in individuals receiving estrogen and to treat abnormal uterine bleeding in some conditions. They can also be used to support the luteal phase in assisted reproduction and to treat gynecological conditions such as endometriosis and uterine fibroids, depending on the specific agent and regimen.

Safety and considerations: Progestogens can cause side effects such as headaches, mood changes, weight gain, breast tenderness, and irregular bleeding. The risk of serious adverse events, including blood clots, varies by agent and by combination with estrogen; individual risk factors should be discussed with a clinician.