androgenic

Androgenic is an adjective relating to androgens, a class of steroid hormones that regulate the development and maintenance of male characteristics and reproductive function. The term is used to describe both natural androgenic effects and the pharmacologic activity of substances that activate the androgen receptor. Natural androgens such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) are key endogenous ligands, with others like androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) serving as precursors that can be converted to more potent androgens in tissues.

Mechanism: Androgenic effects arise when androgens bind the androgen receptor (AR), a nuclear receptor that modulates gene transcription. AR activation influences the growth of body hair, voice deepening, skin characteristics, muscle mass, and the development of male genitalia during puberty, as well as the maintenance of sperm production and libido. Some signaling can occur via non-genomic pathways that do not involve direct gene transcription.

Pharmacology and medicine: In clinical and research settings, agents with androgenic activity are described as having androgenic effects or androgen receptor agonism. These compounds vary in their balance of androgenic and anabolic activity; some are highly androgenic and may cause masculinizing effects, while others have relatively selective anabolic actions with reduced androgenicity. They may be used in testosterone replacement, treatment of hypogonadism, and in conditions affecting development, but can also pose risks if misused.

Safety and side effects: Excess androgen exposure can cause acne, hirsutism, and hair loss, as well as mood changes and metabolic effects. In women, virilization can occur; in men, chronic high-dose exposure can suppress endogenous testosterone production. Long-term misuse of androgenic agents can lead to cardiovascular, hepatic, and reproductive health problems.