DHEA

DHEA, or dehydroepiandrosterone, is an endogenous steroid hormone produced mainly by the adrenal cortex, with smaller amounts synthesized by the gonads and the brain. It serves as a biosynthetic precursor to androgens and estrogens and circulates in the blood predominantly as dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), a longer-lasting sulfated form.

Biosynthesis and metabolism occur from cholesterol through a series of steps that convert pregnenolone to DHEA, which can then be converted in peripheral tissues to androgens such as androstenedione or to estrogens. DHEAS is the major circulating form and has a longer half-life than DHEA, which contributes to the overall activity of this hormone system.

Physiological role is that DHEA contributes to the pool of sex hormones and is thought to influence aspects of sexual development, libido, and possibly mood, though its exact functions remain incompletely understood. Levels peak in young adulthood and decline with age, and low levels have been associated with aging-related hormonal changes, though causality is not established.

Clinical use and evidence: DHEA is available as an over-the-counter dietary supplement in many countries. It has been studied for aging-related symptoms, mood, cognitive function, menopause-related symptoms, and osteoporosis, but robust, consistent benefits have not been demonstrated. Medical guidelines generally do not endorse DHEA for anti-aging or disease prevention, and results from trials have been mixed.

Safety and adverse effects: Potential effects include acne, oily skin, hirsutism, menstrual irregularities, breast tenderness, mood changes, and, in some cases, liver or lipid abnormalities. Long-term safety is uncertain, and DHEA may interact with hormones, anticoagulants, or medications for diabetes or cholesterol. It is not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding, and individuals with hormone-sensitive conditions should consult a clinician before use.

Regulation and quality: Dietary supplements are not tightly regulated, leading to variability in product content and purity. Consumers should discuss risks and benefits with a healthcare provider before use.