menopauserelated

Menopause-related refers to the symptoms, conditions, and health effects associated with menopause, the stage in a person’s life when ovarian function declines and estrogen levels fall, typically defined as 12 months without a menstrual period. Perimenopause is the transition leading up to menopause, with variable symptom onset and menstrual changes. The terminology is used to describe the wide range of experiences around midlife for individuals assigned female at birth as they approach and pass through menopause.

Common symptoms include vasomotor symptoms such as hot flashes and night sweats, sleep disturbances, and mood changes. Many people also experience irregular periods during the transition, vaginal dryness or irritation, urinary symptoms, and changes in sexual function or energy. Symptoms vary in type and severity and may persist for several years.

Causes are primarily hormonal: decreasing estrogen and other ovarian hormones during aging. Risk factors include smoking, certain medical conditions, and a family history of earlier menopause. Diagnosis is usually clinical, based on menstrual history and reported symptoms; tests may be used to evaluate related issues such as bone health, thyroid function, or to rule out other conditions.

Management focuses on individualized care. Nonpharmacologic strategies include cooling measures, comfortable clothing, regular exercise, sleep hygiene, and stress management. Non-hormonal medications can help with vasomotor symptoms. Hormone therapy, involving systemic estrogen (with progestin if the uterus is present) or local vaginal estrogen, is effective for many people but requires discussion of risks and benefits. HT is not suitable for everyone, and alternatives exist for those with contraindications.

Long-term health considerations include maintaining bone health to prevent osteoporosis, cardiovascular risk assessment, and regular cancer screening. Shared decision-making with a healthcare provider guides treatment choices based on symptom burden and medical history.