prenatale

Prenatale refers to the period before birth and to medical and health practices related to pregnancy and fetal development. The term is used in obstetrics and public health, and appears in many languages with a similar meaning. Prenatal care encompasses screening, monitoring and guidance intended to support the health of the pregnant person and the fetus.

Prenatal care typically includes regular medical visits, physical exams, and screening tests to detect conditions that could affect mother or baby. Common components are ultrasound imaging, maternal blood tests, and assessments of fetal growth and placental function. Adequate prenatal care can reduce the risk of complications and improve outcomes for both mother and child.

Fetal development proceeds in stages. In the first trimester, organs begin to form; the second trimester features continued growth and movement; and the third trimester focuses on maturation and preparation for birth. Many milestones are detectable by ultrasound or clinical examination, such as fetal heartbeat, development of limbs, and maternal perception of movement.

Screening and diagnostic tests include non-invasive prenatal testing using cell-free fetal DNA, ultrasound-based screening, and diagnostic procedures such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling for chromosomal abnormalities. These tests help identify conditions but carry varying levels of risk and uncertainty; decisions about testing involve counseling and informed consent.

Nutrition and lifestyle are important to prenatal health. Guidance commonly emphasizes folic acid supplementation, a balanced diet, avoiding alcohol and tobacco, and safe use of medications under medical supervision. Some infections or chronic conditions require additional management to reduce risk during pregnancy.

Ethical, social, and access issues affect prenatal care, including disparities in availability, cultural beliefs, privacy, and informed decision-making. Public health programs aim to provide equitable prenatal care and education to improve maternal and fetal outcomes.