powertrains

A powertrain is the set of components that generate and deliver mechanical power to a vehicle’s wheels. In conventional automobiles, it typically includes the engine or motor, the transmission, and the drivetrain hardware such as driveshafts, differentials, and final drives that transfer torque to the wheels.

Powertrain categories vary by energy source. Internal combustion engine (ICE) powertrains burn fuel to produce torque. Electric powertrains use electric motors powered by batteries or fuel cells. Hybrid powertrains combine an ICE with an electric motor, coordinating energy use for efficiency. Plug-in hybrids carry larger battery packs and can operate on electricity for longer ranges before relying on the engine.

The transmission adapts engine or motor speed to wheel speed. Common types include manual transmissions, automatic transmissions, continuously variable transmissions (CVTs), and dual-clutch transmissions. The drivetrain layout—front-wheel drive, rear-wheel drive, all-wheel drive, or four-wheel drive—affects traction, handling, and packaging.

Efficiency and performance depend on gear ratios, weight, friction, and thermal management. ICE powertrains face emissions and fuel economy constraints, while electric powertrains emphasize battery capacity and charging. Hybrid systems strive to balance electric and combustion power, with regenerative braking recovering energy.

As manufacturing and regulation push toward electrification, carmakers increasingly develop versatile powertrains and modular platforms to support multiple drivetrains on shared architectures.