porcelainenamel

Porcelain enamel, also known as vitreous enamel, is a glassy coating fused to metal or ceramic surfaces by firing at high temperature. The coating is formed from finely ground glass frit that bonds to the substrate, producing a hard, smooth, and corrosion-resistant layer. The term reflects its porcelain-like appearance and durability.

Manufacture involves cleaning and often roughening the substrate, applying the frit as a slurry or powder, and firing in a furnace at approximately 750–900°C. The firing temperature, frit composition, and subsequent finishing determine color, gloss, and durability.

History and uses: Porcelain enamel has European origins in the 17th–18th centuries, with later development in Limoges and other centers. It is widely used for cookware, sanitaryware, signs, and industrial appliances because of its hardness, chemical resistance, and color stability. In the arts, enamel on metal remains a decorative technique.

Properties and limitations: The surface is non-porous and highly resistant to moisture and many chemicals. It can be very durable but may chip, crack, or craze if subjected to impact or thermal shock or if applied over a poorly prepared substrate. Modern enamels used on cookware are lead-free.

Care and safety: Avoid abrasive cleaners and rapid temperature changes that can cause damage. Damaged areas should be repaired or the item replaced to prevent substrate corrosion. Older enameled wares may contain lead-based enamels; most modern products comply with lead-free standards.