polyphenolics
Polyphenolics are a broad and diverse class of plant-derived secondary metabolites that share multiple phenolic rings. They are abundant in the human diet and include simple phenolic acids as well as large polymeric tannins.
Major groups include phenolic acids (hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids), flavonoids (flavonols like quercetin, flavones, flavanones, catechins),
Dietary sources include fruits, vegetables, tea, coffee, wine, cocoa, nuts, and whole grains.
In plants polyphenolics arise through the phenylpropanoid pathway, beginning with phenylalanine. Enzymes such as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
In humans they can act as antioxidants and may influence inflammation and cell signaling. Observational studies
Bioavailability varies; many polyphenols are poorly absorbed and extensively metabolized by the liver and gut microbiota,
Analytically, total polyphenol content is often estimated with the Folin–Ciocalteu assay, while individual compounds are identified
Dietary intake from polyphenol-rich foods is generally safe; high intakes or supplements may interfere with mineral