polygamous

Polygamy is the practice of being married to more than one spouse at the same time. A person who engages in polygamy is described as polygamous. The term covers several forms, most commonly polygyny (one man with multiple wives) and polyandry (one woman with multiple husbands). In some definitions, group or collective marriages—where several men and women form a single marital unit—are included.

Historically and cross-culturally, polygamous arrangements have appeared for reasons such as economic alliances, social status, or population management. In modern contexts, prevalence varies with religion, law, and social change. Polygyny is the most common form and is found in parts of Africa, the Middle East, and among some communities in Asia; polyandry is rare and geographically limited.

Legal status varies. In many countries, polygamy is illegal or restricted. Where permitted, it is usually polygyny and subject to conditions like consent, financial support, and fair treatment of spouses; polygamous marriages contracted abroad are often not recognized. Some religious communities permit it under certain rules; others prohibit it.

Debates around polygamy focus on consent, gender equality, and family stability, as well as potential coercion and economic strain. Proponents cite cultural tradition and personal choice, while opponents highlight risks of unequal treatment and exploitation. Researchers study its demographic and social effects, noting outcomes vary by context.