spouse

A spouse is a person who is married to another person. The term can refer to either partner in a marriage, and it applies to both heterosexual and same-sex unions. In many legal and formal contexts, “spouse” designates the legally recognized partner in a marriage.

Etymology and usage: The word derives from Old French espose or esposee, connected to the Latin sponsus and sponsa, which refer to a betrothed or married couple. The verb espouse means to marry or adopt a cause, and the noun spouse preserves the sense of a husband or wife.

Legal status and rights: In most jurisdictions, a spouse acquires specific legal rights and duties, including mutual support, inheritance, and access to spousal benefits such as taxation, social security, and health-care decisions. Rights and obligations vary by country and region, and may depend on marital status, civil unions, or domestic partnerships. The recognition and definition of a spouse can also differ in religious or customary law.

Variations and related forms: Some jurisdictions recognize civil unions, domestic partnerships, or common-law marriages with varying degrees of legal effect. In places without formal marriage recognition, partners may still be regarded as spouses in social or contractual terms, but with fewer legal protections.

Dissolution and aftermath: A spouse may be separated, divorced, or annulled; the termination of a marriage ends the spousal relationship. Upon a spouse’s death, the surviving partner may become a widow or widower, and may inherit under applicable laws or wills.

Cultural context: Spousal roles and expectations have evolved over time and differ across cultures. While marriage remains a central social institution in many societies, the status and duties of a spouse continue to be shaped by legal frameworks and personal, religious, and cultural practices.