pollinates

Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the male structures of a plant to the female structures, enabling fertilization and seed production. The form pollinates describes the action of doing this transfer, for example a bee pollinates a flower as it moves between blossoms.

Most pollination is biotic, driven by animals such as bees, butterflies, moths, birds, and bats. These pollinators visit flowers to collect nectar or pollen and, in doing so, transfer pollen between flowers. Floral traits such as color, scent, nectar guides, and landing platforms reflect adaptations to attract pollinators and improve pollen transfer.

Abiotic pollination relies on nonliving agents, primarily wind or water. Wind-pollinated plants produce vast amounts of lightweight, non-sticky pollen and often have inconspicuous flowers, while water pollination occurs in a few aquatic species. Pollen is released by anthers and must reach a compatible stigma to effect fertilization.

When pollen grain lands on a compatible stigma, it germinates and grows a pollen tube through the style to the ovule, allowing fertilization and seed development. Cross-pollination (between individuals) increases genetic diversity, while self-pollination can occur in some species where self-compatibility exists.

Pollination is essential for sexual reproduction in flowering plants and many crops. Disruptions to pollinator populations or habitats can reduce fruit and seed production, with ecological and economic consequences.