Crosspollination

Cross-pollination, also referred to as cross pollination, is the transfer of pollen from the anther of one plant to the stigma of another plant, typically of the same species. It can occur between different individuals and, less commonly, between related species in cases of hybridization. Cross-pollination is distinct from self-pollination, where pollen fertilizes ovules on the same flower or plant.

Pollination is usually mediated by biotic vectors such as insects (bees, butterflies, moths), birds, or other animals, and abiotic vectors like wind or water. Plant adaptations that promote cross-pollination include traits that encourage pollen transfer between plants, such as dichogamy (maturation at different times) and herkogamy (spatial separation of reproductive organs). For some species, distance, floral color, scent, and nectar rewards influence pollinator behavior and the likelihood of cross-pollination.

The main genetic benefit of cross-pollination is increased genetic diversity, which can enhance adaptability and reduce inbreeding depression. In agriculture and horticulture, controlled cross-pollination is used to create hybrids with desirable traits, improve seed quality, or combine favorable attributes from different parent lines. Some crops rely heavily on cross-pollination, while others are more self-fertile; in managed settings, growers may use isolation barriers or hand pollination to manage pollen flow.

Cross-pollination plays a crucial role in many ecosystems by sustaining plant diversity and supporting pollinator networks, contributing to ecosystem services such as fruiting, seed production, and habitat health.