pessimistic

Pessimistic describes a tendency to expect negative outcomes or focus on the unfavorable aspects of a situation. It can describe a mood, a general outlook, or a cognitive style. In everyday language, a person described as pessimistic may anticipate failure, disappointment, or harm more readily than success. Pessimism is often contrasted with optimism, which emphasizes favorable outcomes or the belief that things will improve.

The term derives from the Latin pessimus meaning "the worst." In philosophy, pessimism denotes a worldview that life is characterized by suffering or that existence lacks intrinsic value. Notable proponents include Arthur Schopenhauer and, later, Eduard von Hartmann. Philosophical pessimism is distinct from a mere mood or temperament; it addresses metaphysical questions about the meaning of life.

In psychology and everyday use, pessimism may be described as a trait (a relatively stable tendency) or a state (a temporary mood). It can influence risk assessment, decision making, and coping strategies. Some researchers measure it with scales such as the Life Orientation Test, though interpretations vary. Pessimistic thinking can be linked to mood disorders such as depression, but it is not itself a clinical diagnosis. Interventions, when appropriate, may focus on cognitive reframing, resilience, and balanced appraisal of evidence.

Related concepts include cynicism, negativity bias, and realism. Pessimism can be adaptive in certain contexts by fostering careful planning and caution, yet excessive pessimism can reduce initiative and well-being. Cultural and personal factors shape how pessimism is expressed and valued.