peregrine

The peregrine, Falco peregrinus, is a large falcon found almost worldwide. The name derives from Latin peregrinus meaning traveler, reflecting migratory behavior in many northern populations.

Description: It is a medium-to-large raptor, 34–58 cm long with a wingspan of 74–120 cm. Females are larger. Adults have blue-gray upperparts, a pale underbelly with fine dark barring, and a black moustache mark. Juveniles are browner with streaks.

Distribution and habitat: The peregrine has a circumpolar distribution and occurs on every continent except Antarctica. It inhabits coastlines, mountains, and tall structures in cities, where tall buildings mimic cliffs.

Behavior: It hunts other birds in flight, using a high-speed stoop that can exceed 200 mph (320 km/h). It is highly territorial during breeding and communicates with a set of calls.

Reproduction: In spring, pairs nest on cliff ledges or tall structures. A clutch usually contains 3–4 eggs. Both parents incubate for 29–32 days, and fledging occurs about six weeks after hatching.

Conservation: Pesticide exposure in the mid-20th century caused dramatic declines, but bans and recovery programs led to rebound. The species is currently listed as Least Concern by the IUCN, though regional declines and urban hazards remain considerations.

Subspecies and culture: Numerous subspecies exist with regional variation. The peregrine is historically significant in falconry and is widely regarded for its speed.