panachage

Panachage is a voting method used in some multi-member electoral districts that allows voters to mix selections from different party lists on a single ballot. Rather than voting for one whole list, a voter can choose individual candidates from across lists, effectively combining support for multiple parties or groups. The term, derived from the French word for “mixing,” emphasizes the candidate-centered nature of the ballot.

In systems that use panachage, ballots are typically organized by lists or tickets identifying the candidates. A voter may select any number of candidates up to the number of seats to be filled. Each candidate’s votes are tallied individually, and seats are awarded to the candidates with the highest totals until all seats are allocated. The final composition of the governing body reflects these candidate-level results, which may differ from the original party lists. As a consequence, the method balances party strength with personal popularity and allows voters to reward specific individuals across party lines.

Panachage is most closely associated with municipal elections in countries that use proportional representation with candidate-level choice. It is often contrasted with strict list voting, where votes are cast for entire party lists. Critics argue that panachage can weaken party cohesion and complicate coalitions, while proponents contend that it enhances voter influence over local governance and reduces the incentive to vote strictly along party lines.

See also: proportional representation, preferential voting, municipal elections.