ballot

A ballot is the device or document used to cast a vote in an election or referendum. It records a voter's choice and is typically cast in secret to protect privacy and prevent coercion. Ballots can be paper-based or electronic, and may be distributed in person, by mail, or through early voting. They are used for selecting candidates, parties, or approving public measures such as referendums or initiatives.

Ballots come in several forms. Paper ballots include hand-marked ballots, punch cards, and lever or mechanical systems. Modern elections often use optically scanned paper ballots or electronic voting machines that produce a paper trail. Mail-in or absentee ballots are completed remotely and returned by mail or drop-off; early voting allows casting before Election Day. Ballot design and accessibility aim to minimize confusion and accommodate voters with disabilities or language needs.

Integrity and accuracy are central to ballot administration. Security measures cover the preparation, transmission, and storage of ballots, as well as the counting process. In many systems, counting is conducted locally and results are audited through procedures such as recounts or risk-limiting audits to verify outcomes. Ballot spoilage and disenfranchisement are addressed by clear instructions, voter assistance, and accessible formats.

History and terminology. The secret or private ballot emerged in the 19th century to reduce bribery and intimidation, with the Australian ballot or secret ballot becoming influential in standardizing procedures. The term ballot originally referred to the item used for voting and is now applied to the vote itself and the form or device used to cast it. Ballots are used for elections, referendums, recalls, and other decision-making processes.