overwater

Overwater is the act or condition of giving plants more water than they can use, resulting in persistently moist soil. In horticulture and agriculture, overwatering is a common problem that can arise from excessive irrigation, frequent rainfall, or poor drainage. The term overlaps with waterlogging, which emphasizes saturated soil that limits oxygen in the root zone.

Causes include incorrect irrigation schedules, overly large watering events, damp climates, and soil that compacts or drains poorly. Early signs can be subtle and vary by species but often include yellowing leaves, limp or soft stems, and slowed or stunted growth. In containers, roots may appear waterlogged or suffocated, and a foul smell can indicate decay.

Consequences of overwatering include root oxygen deprivation, root rot, nutrient leaching, and increased susceptibility to fungal and bacterial diseases. Prolonged saturation can kill roots and reduce plant vigor, sometimes leading to plant death. Excess moisture can also promote mold growth and damage for crops stored after harvest.

Prevention and management emphasize drainage and soil structure: use well-draining media, ensure pots have drainage holes, and avoid compacted soil. Water deeply but infrequently, and check moisture with a finger or meter before watering. Allow the topsoil to dry between watering sessions, adjust schedules for weather, and consider mulching to regulate soil moisture. If overwatering occurs, reduce watering, remove excess water, and allow the root zone to dry; in severe cases, repot with fresh medium and prune rotted roots.

See also underwatering, soil moisture, root rot, irrigation management.