overthrowing

Overthrowing refers to the removal of a government or regime from power, often marking a transition to a different political order. It can occur through force or other disruptive means, and is frequently described in political science as an overthrow of the incumbent authority.

Common mechanisms include coup d'état, where military or security forces seize control; popular uprisings or revolutions driven by mass protest and political organizing; insurrections or civil conflict; and, less commonly, external intervention. In some cases a nonviolent transition—such as a negotiated transfer of power—may be described differently from an overthrow, though historical usage varies.

Legal and normative aspects: International law generally prohibits the use of force in internal affairs, with exceptions for self-defense or United Nations Security Council action. Sovereignty and non-intervention norms shape reactions by other states and international organizations, and foreign recognition can influence the perceived legitimacy of a new regime. Governments often frame coups as restoring constitutional order, while opponents may view them as illegitimate usurpations.

Consequences: Overthrows can lead to immediate political instability, civil conflict, or repression. Economic disruption and humanitarian costs are common in the aftermath, though some transitions enable reforms and democratization.

Prevention and governance: Structural factors associated with lower risk include constitutional checks and balances, rule of law, inclusive political participation, professional security services, and credible, peaceful avenues for succession and reform.

Examples: notable cases include the 1952 Egyptian coup d'état; the 1973 Chilean coup d'état; the 2013 Egyptian coup; and the 2009 Honduran coup.