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Overgeneralization refers to the cognitive process of drawing broad, sweeping conclusions based on limited or specific experiences, often leading to rigid or exaggerated beliefs. This phenomenon is commonly observed in psychological contexts, particularly within cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), where it is recognized as a common cognitive distortion. Individuals prone to overgeneralization tend to apply a single negative event or trait to an entire category, ignoring exceptions or variability.

For example, someone who fails a single test might overgeneralize by believing, "I’m completely incapable of learning anything." This type of thinking can reinforce negative self-perceptions, contribute to anxiety, depression, or other mental health challenges, and hinder problem-solving by limiting perspective. Overgeneralization is not inherently irrational but becomes problematic when it distorts reality, leading to maladaptive behaviors or emotional responses.

The tendency to overgeneralize can stem from various factors, including past trauma, learned pessimism, or a need for control in unpredictable situations. Cognitive-behavioral techniques, such as challenging irrational thoughts or identifying counterexamples, are often used to address this pattern. Mindfulness practices and reframing negative experiences can also help individuals recognize and mitigate overgeneralization.

While overgeneralization is frequently discussed in clinical psychology, it can also appear in everyday decision-making, social interactions, or cultural narratives. For instance, stereotyping—applying broad characteristics to an entire group—is a form of overgeneralization that can perpetuate biases. Recognizing this tendency in oneself or others fosters more balanced, evidence-based thinking.