orotrachal

Orotracheal intubation is a medical procedure in which a tube is inserted through the mouth and into the trachea (windpipe) to establish an airway. This technique is commonly used in clinical settings to assist patients who are unable to breathe adequately on their own, such as those under general anesthesia, in critical care, or during resuscitation. The procedure is performed by healthcare professionals, including anesthesiologists, emergency physicians, and critical care specialists.

The primary purpose of orotracheal intubation is to secure the airway, ensuring that oxygen can reach the lungs while preventing the aspiration of fluids or vomit. It also allows for the administration of positive-pressure ventilation, which can be critical in cases of respiratory failure or shock. The tube remains in place until the patient regains sufficient respiratory function or until further medical intervention is required.

The procedure involves several steps, beginning with the insertion of a laryngoscope to visualize the vocal cords. Once visualized, a flexible tube is passed through the vocal cords and advanced into the trachea. Proper placement is confirmed using clinical signs such as chest rise, breath sounds, and capnography (measurement of carbon dioxide levels). Complications can occur, including damage to the teeth, vocal cords, or trachea, as well as esophageal intubation, which is a serious error where the tube is placed in the esophagus rather than the trachea.

Orotracheal intubation is distinct from nasotracheal intubation, where the tube is inserted through the nose. The choice between the two methods depends on factors such as patient anatomy, clinical urgency, and the presence of facial trauma. While orotracheal intubation is generally faster and easier to perform, nasotracheal intubation may be preferred in cases where oral access is obstructed or when prolonged intubation is anticipated. Proper training, technique, and equipment are essential to ensure a successful and safe procedure.