oddech

Oddech, a Polish term, denotes the act of breathing—alternating inhalation and exhalation—which supplies the lungs with air and facilitates gas exchange necessary for cellular metabolism. The term encompasses both the automatic, involuntary control of respiration and voluntary breathing movements, such as deliberate deep breaths.

During inhalation the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, expanding the thoracic cavity and drawing air into the lungs; exhalation is usually passive, driven by elastic recoil, though abdominal and intercostal muscles can actively participate during strenuous breathing. Air reaches alveoli where O2 diffuses into the blood and CO2 diffuses out. Breathing is regulated by respiratory centers in the brainstem, influenced by chemical signals sensitive to CO2 and O2 levels, as well as higher centers that enable conscious control.

The typical resting respiratory rate for healthy adults is about 12 to 20 breaths per minute. Eupnea refers to normal breathing; tachypnea describes rapid breathing; bradypnea describes slow breathing. Breathing can be shallow or deep, normal or obstructed.

Disturbances of oddech include dyspnea (shortness of breath), apnea (temporary cessation), and chronic conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma. Proper breathing techniques are part of medical rehabilitation, and practices such as mindfulness and sports training aim to optimize oxygen delivery.