obstruktio

Obstruktio is a term used in several languages to denote obstruction, the impediment of normal flow or passage of a substance, tissue, or function within a living organism. In medicine it most often refers to blockage within an organ or passage, such as the gastrointestinal tract, the airways, the biliary or urinary systems, or the vascular or lymphatic systems.

Obstructions can be classified as mechanical or functional. Mechanical obstructions involve a physical barrier or narrowing that blocks flow, caused by tumors, stones, adhesions, hernias, strictures, or external compression. Functional obstructions, or ileus, involve impaired motility without a fixed blockage, due to disrupted neural or muscular activity, inflammation, or perioperative factors.

Commonly affected areas include the gastrointestinal tract, where obstruction can cause abdominal pain, distension, vomiting, and inability to pass gas or stool; the airways, where obstruction can cause dyspnea and wheezing; the urinary tract, biliary tract, and vascular or lymphatic pathways, each producing system-specific symptoms such as reduced urine output, jaundice, or limb swelling.

Diagnosis relies on history and examination, supported by imaging (ultrasound, X-ray, CT), and relevant laboratory tests. In suspected gastrointestinal obstruction, a plain abdominal radiograph or CT scan is typical; airway obstruction requires airway assessment and possibly endoscopy; urinary or biliary obstruction may require ultrasound and laboratory markers of organ dysfunction.

Treatment aims to relieve the obstruction and treat the underlying cause while maintaining stable vital functions. This may involve fluids and electrolyte management, decompression (for the GI tract, nasogastric tube), medical therapy for inflammation or infection, endoscopic or surgical intervention, or procedures to restore drainage in biliary or urinary systems.

Prognosis depends on cause, duration, and the presence of complications such as ischemia or perforation; timely management improves outcomes. Prevention focuses on risk reduction where possible, including postoperative care to minimize adhesions, management of stones, and early detection of progressive obstruction.