nutshells

Nutshells are the hard protective coverings that enclose the edible seeds of many trees and shrubs. In everyday language they are the shells cracked to reach the kernel. Botanically, a true nut is a dry, indehiscent fruit with a hard pericarp; many commonly eaten "nuts" (almonds, walnuts, hazelnuts, pistachios, pecans) are seeds inside a hard endocarp rather than true botanical nuts.

Shells are typically lignified and serve to protect the seed from moisture, pests, and mechanical damage. They vary in thickness, texture, and color by species, and the edible kernel lies inside, often attached to a seed coat that can be removed during processing.

Ecology and harvest: The shell helps seed survival and dispersal by withstanding environmental conditions and aiding animal-mediated spread. Many animals crack shells to access kernels, while humans harvest by cracking and removing the kernel. Dry, clean storage extends kernel shelf life and reduces spoilage.

Uses and byproducts: Kernels are a staple food in many cuisines and are valued for fats, protein, and micronutrients. Shells have practical uses as fuel, mulch or soil conditioner, animal bedding, and abrasive material in cleaning or processing. They are also processed into activated carbon or incorporated into biodegradable fillers for certain products.

Safety and storage: Store shells and kernels in a cool, dry place. Moisture, heat, or pests can cause mold or rancidity; dispose of moldy kernels and reuse or recycle shells where appropriate.