numerisation

Numerisation, often called digitization, is the process of converting information from analogue or physical form into digital data. It covers transforming documents, images, audio or video recordings, and even physical objects into formats that can be stored, searched, processed and transmitted by computers. In some contexts the term is distinguished from digitalisation, which refers to using digital technologies to transform processes and operations in organizations.

The typical workflow of numerisation includes capturing the analogue material through scanning, photography or sensing, followed by data processing steps such as image enhancement, OCR to extract text, and the creation of descriptive metadata to accompany the digital objects. The choice of file formats, color management, and resolution are important for long-term usability and accessibility. Metadata standards, such as Dublin Core or METS, help ensure that digital objects are discoverable, interoperable and properly described.

Applications of numerisation are widespread. Libraries, archives and museums digitise collections to preserve fragile items, improve access for researchers and the public, and enable new forms of analysis. Governments digitise records for transparency and efficiency. In science and industry, numerisation supports data integration, transcription of field notes, and the creation of digital replicas of measurements and artifacts.

Benefits include easier access, improved search and retrieval, space and cost savings, and better preservation against physical deterioration. Challenges encompass ensuring data quality, choosing sustainable file formats, maintaining metadata, protecting privacy and copyright, and guarding against technological obsolescence. Effective numerisation projects rely on clear policies, standards, and ongoing digital preservation strategies such as format migration, replication, and, when appropriate, emulation.