nuisances

Nuisance is a legal and social term describing an act or condition that unreasonably interferes with the use or enjoyment of property or rights belonging to others. It covers disturbances such as noise, odors, smoke, light, vibrations, pollution, or encroachments, and can affect individuals, communities, or the public at large.

In common law, nuisances are typically categorized as private nuisance and public nuisance. Private nuisance involves an unreasonable, substantial interference with a person’s use or enjoyment of their land or a right over it, considering factors such as local character, duration and frequency of the disturbance, and the sensitivities of the affected party. Public nuisance affects the rights of the community as a whole, such as obstructing a public road or polluting a watercourse; it is usually addressed by public authorities or criminal law, though civil actions by individuals may occur in some cases.

Statutory nuisance, recognized in some jurisdictions, covers conditions deemed harmful by statute, such as excessive noise, smoke, or noxious substances. Environmental protection regimes may address nuisances through notices, fines, and requirements to reduce emissions or remediate conditions.

Remedies include injunctions to restrain or stop the nuisance, damages for proven harm, and, in some cases, abatement or self-help by the complainant. Defenses may include coming to the nuisance (moving to an area already affected), statutory compliance, or consent.

Etymology traces to Old French nuissance, from nuire, to harm. Nuisance law balances private rights with community welfare, adapting to urbanization and evolving environmental standards.