polluting

Polluting is the act of introducing contaminants into air, water, soil, or ecosystems in a way that can cause harm. It is usually the result of human activities, though natural processes can contribute as well. Pollutants can be chemical substances such as heavy metals and solvents, physical agents such as heat and noise, or biological materials and microplastics. Energy forms like excessive light or radiation can also constitute pollution when they disrupt living systems.

Common sources include industrial processes, energy production, transportation, agriculture, and improper waste disposal. Air pollution often comes from burning fossil fuels and solvent use; water pollution from discharges, runoff, and leakage; soil pollution from pesticides, waste, and contamination; noise and light pollution from urban and transport systems; thermal pollution from heated effluents.

Pollution affects human health, ecosystems, and climate. Air pollutants can cause respiratory and cardiovascular problems; contaminated water can spread pathogens and toxins; soil contamination can impair agriculture and enter food chains. Pollution also contributes to habitat loss, biodiversity decline, and climate change through greenhouse gas emissions and aerosol particles.

Measures to reduce pollution include regulatory standards, monitoring, and enforcement; pollution-control technologies (filters, scrubbers, wastewater treatment); cleaner production, energy efficiency, and transition to cleaner energy; waste reduction, recycling, and proper hazardous waste management. Public awareness, environmental impact assessments, and international agreements also play roles.