nonhumans

Nonhumans is a broad term used to refer to beings that are not human. In science, philosophy, law, and culture, it encompasses a wide range of living beings and, in some contexts, artificial or extraterrestrial agents. The term is often used to contrast human capacities with those of other organisms or entities.

Biological nonhumans include animals—ranging from mammals and birds to insects—as well as microorganisms and, in some discussions, plants. Many nonhuman animals display complex behavior, social organization, and communication, and there is ongoing debate about levels of sentience or the capacity to suffer, which informs welfare and ethical questions about how they are treated in farming, research, and captivity.

Legal and moral status for nonhumans varies widely. Welfare and protection laws regulate the treatment of animals in many jurisdictions, while others recognize limited rights or personhood for certain species or groups, or provide standing to advocates. In some contexts, nonhumans are treated as property or resources, reflecting differing legal philosophies about nonhuman value.

In science, philosophy, and public discourse, nonhumans are studied to understand biology, ecology, and cognition, and to examine human obligations to other beings. Debates about animal rights, veganism, and nonhuman personhood influence research practices, policy, and cultural portrayals of nonhuman life, including in fiction and media.