nocciolo

Nocciolo, or hazelnut tree, scientifically Corylus avellana, is a deciduous shrub or small tree in the family Betulaceae. Native to Europe and western Asia, it is cultivated worldwide for its edible nuts and plays a role in hedgerows, agroforestry, and wildlife habitat.

Description: The plant is typically 3–8 meters tall, with a broad, rounded crown. Leaves are oval to round with doubly serrated margins. It produces yellowish male catkins in late winter and small, inconspicuous female flowers in spring. Each nut develops inside a husk (involucre) that splits as the shell matures; the kernels have a rich, slightly sweet flavor.

Habitat and cultivation: Nocciolo favors well-drained, fertile soils and full sun, though it tolerates partial shade and a range of soil types. It is propagated mainly by grafting cultivars onto rootstocks, or by layering. Nut production is wind-pollinated; for best yields, several compatible cultivars should be planted for cross-pollination. Harvest occurs in late summer to autumn, depending on climate.

Uses and economic importance: Hazelnuts are consumed raw or roasted and are a key ingredient in confectionery, chocolate, desserts, and spreads. They are also pressed for oil and used in cosmetic products. The wood is light and used for fuel, small-scale carpentry, and craft work. Major producers include Turkey, Italy, and the United States.

Pests and diseases: Hazelnut crops can suffer from pests such as aphids, weevils, and mites, and from diseases including powdery mildew and eastern filbert blight (Anisogramma anomala), particularly in North America. Management relies on sanitation, resistant cultivars, proper pruning, and integrated pest management.

Cultural notes: In Italian contexts, nocciolo is valued both for its agricultural importance and its role in traditional landscape design.