neuropeptideswhen

Neuropeptideswhen is not a widely recognized term in neuroscience. This article provides an overview of neuropeptides, and notes that if the intended topic was the timing of neuropeptide signaling, that aspect is discussed.

Neuropeptides are small protein-like molecules used by neurons to communicate. Unlike classical neurotransmitters, which act within milliseconds, neuropeptides typically produce modulatory effects that last from seconds to hours. They are produced in neuronal cell bodies as larger precursor proteins, processed into active peptides, and transported to nerve terminals. Upon high-frequency or persistent activity, dense-core vesicles fuse with the membrane to release peptides into the extracellular space, where they bind to G protein–coupled receptors found on target neurons and glia.

Because neurons often co-release neuropeptides with fast-acting transmitters, these molecules modulate synaptic strength and network activity rather than initiating responses alone. Neuropeptide signaling can influence pain, mood, appetite, learning, memory, and autonomic regulation.

Common neuropeptides include oxytocin and vasopressin, substance P, enkephalins and dynorphins, neuropeptide Y, orexins, somatostatin, cholecystokinin, and galanin. Their receptors are mainly G protein–coupled, with diverse intracellular cascades.

Temporal dynamics are a defining feature: effects tend to be slower to onset but longer-lasting than classical transmitters, enabling neuromodulation over seconds to hours. This timing makes neuropeptides important for plasticity, learning, and adaptation to stress.

The phrase "neuropeptideswhen" does not correspond to a widely recognized term in neuroscience. If you intended to discuss the timing of neuropeptide signaling or a particular peptide, clarifications are welcome.