neurodivergence

Neurodivergence is a term used to describe variations in human brain development and function that diverge from what is considered typical or neurotypical. It encompasses a range of conditions frequently labeled as neurodevelopmental or cognitive differences, such as autism spectrum conditions, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), dyslexia, dyscalculia, dyspraxia, and Tourette syndrome. The term emphasizes natural variation rather than a disease in need of cure.

Coined in the context of the neurodiversity movement by Judy Singer in the late 1990s, neurodivergence underpins the idea that neurological differences are part of human diversity. The social model of disability argues that challenges arise mainly from mismatches between environments and diverse neurotypes, rather than from deficits in individuals.

In education and workplaces, recognizing neurodivergence supports inclusive practices: flexible teaching methods, clear communication, sensory-friendly spaces, assistive technology, reasonable accommodations, and policies that value diverse strengths such as pattern recognition, memory for detail, and creative problem solving.

Debates exist about scope, medicalization, and risk of erasing individual needs; some critics worry about overgeneralization of the term or discounting serious impairments. Most advocates emphasize person-centered approaches that assess needs case by case and avoid stereotyping.

Neurodivergence is a framework for understanding variation in neurological functioning, guiding efforts toward inclusion, respect, and access to supports while recognizing diverse experiences and identities.