nacionalismus

Nacionalismus refers to a political, social, and economic ideology that emphasizes loyalty, devotion, and allegiance to a particular nation or ethnic group. The term originates from the Latin *natio*, meaning "birth," and the French *nationalisme*, which emerged in the late 18th century during the French Revolution. At its core, nationalism promotes the idea that a nation—a group of people sharing a common culture, history, language, or territory—should have its own sovereign state or govern itself independently.

Nationalism can manifest in various forms, including civic nationalism, which emphasizes shared citizenship and political values, and ethnic nationalism, which centers on cultural or biological ties such as ancestry or language. While nationalism often advocates for self-determination and cultural preservation, it can also lead to exclusionary policies, xenophobia, or conflicts when applied rigidly.

Historically, nationalism played a key role in the rise of modern nation-states, particularly in Europe during the 19th century, as movements sought to unify fragmented territories under a single identity. However, it has also been associated with imperialism, militarism, and nationalist extremism, particularly in the 20th century, where it fueled wars and ideological divisions.

Critics argue that nationalism can foster division by prioritizing national interests over global cooperation, while supporters contend it strengthens identity, unity, and collective pride. The concept remains a complex and contentious topic in political theory, sociology, and international relations, shaping debates about sovereignty, identity, and belonging in contemporary societies.