militarism

Militarism is a social, political, and ideological system in which the military is given priority in planning and policy. In a militarized state, national goals and decisions are judged largely through the lens of military capability, and defense often shapes economic, educational, and foreign policy choices. Proponents argue that a strong military provides security and deterrence; critics warn that militarism can escalate conflict and erode democratic controls.

Key features include a large or rapidly mobilizable armed force, extensive defense spending and industry, conscription or other mechanisms to maintain manpower, and the integration of military needs into civilian institutions such as education, media, and industry. Military leaders may hold significant political influence, and diplomacy can be subordinated to military objectives. A culture that venerates service, obedience, and national sacrifice is often associated with militarism, along with the glorification of war in institutions and popular culture.

Historically, militarism has appeared in various forms. It was prominent in Prussia and Imperial Germany, and in some 20th-century states that pursued aggressive expansion or total mobilization during wartime. In the contemporary era, debates continue about the balance between deterrence, defense, and the risks of militarized societies. Militarism is distinct from militarization, the broader process by which military values and structures permeate society, though the two are related.

In sum, militarism describes an orientation that prioritizes military power in the state and society, with far-reaching political and social consequences.