militarization

Militarization is the process by which military institutions, practices, and norms gain influence over political institutions, economic planning, and social life. It can involve expanding defense capability, integrating military approaches into civilian functions, and framing security as a core value of society. Militarization can occur at national, regional, or local levels and may affect domestic policy, foreign policy, and culture.

Indicators include rising defense budgets and arms procurement, the involvement of military actors in civilian agencies (police, border control, disaster response), the adoption of combat-style training and hierarchies, and public narratives that emphasize threat and readiness. Internationally, militarization can appear as arms races, security alliances, and interventions that prioritize force projection.

Causes include perceived external threats, geopolitical competition, technological change, and political incentives. In some contexts, militarization accompanies state-building or attempts to manage internal conflict; in others, it reflects a policy preference for deterrence and coercive power.

Consequences are disputed. Proponents argue for security and stability; critics warn of civil-liberties erosion, overspending, and a culture of violence. Militarization can shift resources away from non-military needs and influence democratic norms and civilian oversight.

Related concepts include the militarization of police, the security state, and arms races. Debates focus on balancing security with rights and development, and on strategies to demilitarize where appropriate.