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Human rights are fundamental rights and freedoms that belong to all people, regardless of their race, gender, religion, or any other status. They are universally recognized and form the basis of international law. The concept of human rights emerged during the Enlightenment, with key figures such as John Locke and Immanuel Kant advocating for the inherent dignity and worth of every individual.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948, is a milestone document that outlines 30 fundamental human rights and freedoms. These rights are grouped into three categories: civil and political rights, economic, social, and cultural rights, and rights related to individual dignity.

Civil and political rights include the right to life, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and the right to vote. Economic, social, and cultural rights encompass the right to work, the right to education, and the right to participate in cultural life. Rights related to individual dignity include the right to privacy and the right to a fair trial.

Human rights are protected and enforced through various mechanisms, including international treaties, national laws, and human rights institutions. The United Nations Human Rights Council, the International Court of Justice, and the European Court of Human Rights are among the key bodies that monitor and uphold human rights standards.

Despite significant progress, human rights violations continue to occur worldwide. Issues such as discrimination, poverty, and human rights abuses remain pressing challenges. Efforts to promote and protect human rights involve advocacy, education, and the strengthening of legal frameworks to ensure that all individuals can enjoy their fundamental rights and freedoms.