musculoscheletice

Musculoscheletice refers to the musculoskeletal system, encompassing the bones, muscles, and the connective tissues that support and enable movement of the body. This broad domain includes the skeletal system (bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints), the muscular system (skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle), and connective tissues such as tendons, fascia, and joint capsules. It covers anatomy, physiology, biomechanics, and clinical care related to movement, posture, and stability.

Anatomy and physiology: The skeleton provides a framework with axial and appendicular components. Muscles generate force through contraction controlled by the nervous system. Joints allow motion while maintaining stability; cartilage reduces friction; ligaments and tendons connect bones to joints and muscles. Blood supply, innervation, and metabolism support growth, repair, and activity.

Functions: The system enables locomotion, posture, protection of vital organs, and mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus). Bone marrow contributes to hematopoiesis. With aging, bone density can decline and muscle mass can decrease, affecting strength and mobility.

Clinical aspects: Common issues include traumatic injuries (fractures, sprains, strains), degenerative diseases (osteoarthritis), metabolic conditions (osteoporosis), inflammatory disorders (rheumatoid arthritis), and neuromuscular diseases (muscular dystrophy). Diagnosis relies on physical examination, imaging (X-ray, MRI, CT, ultrasound), and laboratory tests. Management emphasizes rehabilitation, pain control, and, when needed, surgical intervention (arthroplasty, fracture fixation).

Research and practice areas include orthopedics, rheumatology, physical medicine and rehabilitation, and sports medicine.