muscaria

Amanita muscaria, commonly known as the fly agaric, is a poisonous and psychoactive mushroom in the family Amanitaceae. It forms ectomycorrhizal associations with trees and is widely distributed in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, often found in birch, pine, or spruce forests.

The species is famous for its distinctive appearance: a rounded cap that is red to orange and often covered with white warty scales, white gills, and a white stem with a ring and a bulbous base. A white spore print is produced. Variants and related forms can show differences in cap color, including yellow to orange hues.

Chemistry and effects: The principal psychoactive compounds are ibotenic acid and muscimol, with potency varying by geography, age, and storage conditions. Ibotenic acid is a neurotoxin that converts to muscimol when dried or heated. Ingestion can cause nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, dizziness, perceptual changes, euphoria or delirium, and disorientation. The experience is unpredictable and usually lasts several hours; severe poisoning can occur, particularly in children or when consumed with alcohol. While not typically fatal, medical attention may be required in cases of poisoning.

Ecology and taxonomy: Amanita muscaria is part of a complex group within the genus Amanita, with varieties such as muscaria and guessowii described in different regions. It is not considered an edible species due to its toxicity and unpredictable effects.

Cultural and historical context: The fly agaric features prominently in folklore, art, and popular culture. It has been associated with shamanic traditions in parts of Siberia and has inspired numerous myths and legends, including claims about human or animal consumption routes that are not consistently supported by evidence.