morphometrische

Morphometrische analysis, or morphometrics, is the quantitative study of form and its variation. It addresses both size and shape and seeks to measure morphological traits in a repeatable, statistically analyzable way. The field encompasses approaches that range from simple linear measurements to complex multivariate and geometric methods.

Historically, morphometrics began with classical linear methods—length, width, ratios—used in taxonomy and anthropology. In the 1990s, geometric morphometrics emerged as a distinct approach that treats shape as a property of coordinates of anatomical landmarks. After alignment procedures (Procrustes superimposition), the coordinates are analyzed with multivariate statistics, most often principal component analysis, discriminant analysis, or multivariate regression, enabling comparison of shapes independent of size, position, and orientation.

Data types include landmark-based coordinates, semilandmarks that slide along curves to capture outlines, and outline or contour descriptors such as Fourier methods. Key concepts include allometry (shape change with size), modularity, and integration, as well as the distinction between size and shape when interpreting growth or deformation.

Applications span biology, palaeontology, anthropology, botany, and medicine. Morphometric analyses are used to study species differentiation, growth patterns, functional morphology, craniofacial variation, and the effects of environmental factors on form. The field emphasizes reproducibility, standardized data collection, and transparent statistical methods.

Software tools include MorphoJ, tps series, and R packages such as geomorph. Ongoing developments integrate 3D imaging, semilandmarks, and high-throughput methods, expanding the ability to capture complex morphology from fossils, specimens, and medical imaging.