Morphometric

Morphometric analysis, or morphometrics, is the quantitative study of form in biological objects, emphasizing size and shape as sources of variation among individuals, populations, and species. It covers the collection of measurements and the statistical analysis used to interpret morphological variation across organisms and through time.

Methods range from traditional morphometrics, which relies on linear measurements, ratios, and angles, to geometric morphometrics, which models shape using coordinates of anatomical landmarks. Landmark-based approaches may include fixed landmarks, sliding semi-landmarks, and outline or contour data. Standardization of measurement protocols is essential to enable meaningful comparisons.

Analytical techniques include Procrustes superimposition to remove effects of translation, rotation, and scale; principal components analysis and related multivariate methods to summarize variation; and regression analyses to study allometry, functional relationships, and associations with ecological or phylogenetic factors.

Applications span systematics and taxonomy for species delimitation; anthropology and paleontology for cranial or skeletal morphology; developmental biology and growth studies; and medical imaging where organ size and shape aid diagnosis and treatment planning.

The field emerged from biometric methods in the 20th century, with geometric morphometrics gaining prominence through the work of Bookstein, Rohlf, Zelditch, and colleagues. Morphometrics integrates statistics, computer algorithms, and biological insight to quantify and compare biological form.