militarisation

Militarisation is the process by which a society, state, or organization increases the role of military institutions, values, and methods in public policy and daily life. It may involve expansion of armed forces, defense budgets, security agencies, border controls, and the infusion of military norms into education, media, and political rhetoric. In politics, militarisation refers to the shift from civilian to military influence over decision-making; in sociology, it describes the permeation of militarized culture and gender norms.

Dimensions and indicators include growing defense spending as a share of GDP, expansion of paramilitary or security services, increased procurement of weapons, mandatory conscription, and the use of militarized language in public discourse. The phenomenon can occur at national, regional, or local levels and may extend into civilian institutions and everyday life.

Motivations include perceived external threats, deterrence, and strategic rivalry; domestic security concerns; political incentives to consolidate power; and the economic role of the arms industry. Nationalism and identity can also drive militarisation, shaping narratives and policy priorities.

Consequences can include weakened civilian control of the military, higher risk of internal repression, distorted public spending, and civil liberties concerns. Militarised policing can blur lines between police and military, affecting human rights and community relations. Militarisation of borders and conflict zones can escalate violence and humanitarian crises, while broader societal norms may valorize military solutions over other approaches.

Examples range from the Cold War arms race and post-9/11 security regimes to the growing militarisation of police forces in several regions and the management of borders and conflict zones. Scholarly debate centers on balancing security gains with democratic norms, development outcomes, and human rights.