microhydroe

Microhydro, short for microhydroelectric power, refers to small-scale hydroelectric systems that generate typically up to 100 kilowatts of electric power, though some definitions extend to 50 kilowatts or up to a few hundred kilowatts for compact installations. These systems convert energy in flowing water into electricity for local use, often in remote or off-grid settings, with a focus on reliability and low environmental impact.

A microhydro installation generally includes a water intake or diversion from a stream, a conduit or penstock to convey water to a turbine, the turbine itself connected to a generator, and electrical equipment such as controllers, power electronics, and sometimes energy storage. Most microhydro schemes are run-of-river, meaning they derive energy from the natural flow with little attention or storage, though small reservoirs or short-term storage can be used to smooth output. The power produced depends on head (the vertical drop) and flow, described by P ≈ ρ g Q H. Turbine choices include Pelton, Kaplan, Francis, and cross-flow, selected according to site head and flow requirements. Generators may feed AC grids or DC networks and are commonly combined with inverters or charge controllers for battery storage or grid interconnection.

Environmental and regulatory considerations are important. Projects assess impacts on aquatic ecosystems, ensure intake screening and fish passage where needed, and obtain appropriate permits. Microhydro offers low operating costs and high reliability with long equipment lifetimes, but depends on consistent water flow and suitable site conditions.