microhydro

Microhydro refers to small-scale hydroelectric power installations that generate up to 100 kW of electrical power. These systems harness energy from flowing water—usually a stream or small river—and convert it to electricity with a turbine and generator, often serving a single property, a remote community, or a small facility. They are typically run-of-river and do not require large storage reservoirs.

A microhydro system typically includes an intake with screening, headworks or a short diversion channel, a penstock to convey water to a turbine, a turbine coupled to a generator, and electrical equipment such as a controller, inverter, and switchgear. The output may feed a local load, a standalone battery/inverter system, or be connected to the grid where available.

Common turbine types are Pelton and Turgo for higher head, with Francis and Kaplan used for lower-head sites. Selection depends on available head and flow. Run-of-river configurations minimize storage needs, though small reservoirs can improve reliability in seasonally variable streams.

Advantages include relatively low emissions and operating costs, modest land disturbance, and potential for reliable baseload power in off-grid areas. Challenges include site-specific design, permitting and environmental considerations, initial capital costs, maintenance, and the need for favorable hydrology and grid interconnection.

Economics vary with head, flow, and subsidies; payback periods are commonly several years. Environmental and regulatory reviews, along with ongoing maintenance of intake screens, turbines, and transmission infrastructure, influence project viability.