meliorism

Meliorism is the philosophical doctrine that the world can be made better through human effort, inquiry, and institutions. It posits that progress is not merely hopeful but achievable, provided that conscious action is directed by reason, evidence, and ethical consideration. Meliorists emphasize the role of education, science, reform, and collective action in improving social, political, and moral conditions. The outlook stands between unfounded optimism and philosophical pessimism: it rejects fatalism while not assuming automatic improvement, instead tying improvement to practical effort and prudent decision making.

Historically, meliorism has appeared in various guises. In liberal theology, the idea is connected with the belief that divine providence works in cooperation with human freedom to better the world. In modern philosophy, the term has been used to describe attitudes associated with progressivism and pragmatism, notably by William James, who argued that belief in the world’s improvability is a condition for ethical action and practical experimentation.

Variants include moral and political meliorism—the notion that reforms can reduce injustice, expand rights, and enhance well-being. Critics contend that meliorism can overlook structural constraints, power inequities, or unintended consequences, and that it risks overconfidence in rational planning. Proponents counter that even limited improvements justify experimentation and reform.

See also: progress, social reform, optimism, pragmatism, liberal theology.