medievalreform
Medieval reform is a term used to describe a pattern of organized efforts within medieval Europe to change and improve institutions, practices, and norms across religious, political, and social life from roughly the 9th to the late Middle Ages. It encompasses multiple strands that sometimes overlapped or competed for influence, producing lasting changes in governance, belief, and everyday life.
In the religious realm, reform movements aimed to purify church life, curb simony, enforce clerical celibacy,
Secular administration also underwent reform, with efforts to strengthen centralized authority, improve bureaucratic governance, taxation, and
Intellectual and educational reform contributed to new scholastic methods and the expansion of universities in the
The term “medieval reform” is a modern descriptor used to summarize multiple, often distinct movements rather