malnutritie

Malnutritie (often called malnutrition in English) is a condition that results from an imbalanced or deficient intake of nutrients. It encompasses undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and, in some contexts, overnutrition. Undernutrition refers to inadequate energy or protein intake and may present as wasting, stunting, or being underweight. Micronutrient deficiencies, sometimes called hidden hunger, involve insufficient vitamins and minerals such as iron, iodine, vitamin A, and folate. Overnutrition, including overweight and obesity, is also a form of malnutrition when energy intake exceeds needs and contributes to noncommunicable diseases.

Causes and risk factors include poverty and food insecurity, poor dietary quality, infectious diseases, chronic illnesses that affect absorption or metabolism, pregnancy and lactation, and inadequate sanitation or access to health services. Vulnerable groups include young children, pregnant women, the elderly, and people with chronic conditions or displaced populations.

Signs and complications vary by type. In children, malnutrition can cause growth faltering, developmental delays, frequent infections, and edema in severe cases like kwashiorkor. In adults, symptoms may include fatigue, muscle wasting, anemia, and impaired wound healing. Long-term malnutrition is linked to impaired cognitive development, reduced productivity, and higher risk of morbidity and mortality.

Diagnosis relies on a combination of anthropometric measurements (such as weight-for-age, height-for-age, or BMI in adults), clinical assessment, dietary history, and laboratory tests for micronutrient status. Treatment focuses on correcting deficiencies, providing safe and adequate calories and protein, and addressing infections or comorbidities. Prevention emphasizes exclusive breastfeeding, diversified and nutrient-rich diets, food fortification and supplementation where appropriate, and improving food security and sanitation. Global efforts aim to reduce the burden and improve health outcomes across populations.