magi

Magi is a term with several related uses in ancient and religious contexts. In historical usage, it describes a priestly and scholarly caste in ancient Iran and neighboring regions; in Christian tradition, it refers to the visitors who came to pay homage to the infant Jesus.

Etymology: The word comes from Greek magoi, itself borrowed from Old Persian maguš or magus, from a root associated with priestly or learned functions. In Latin and later English, the plural form “magi” is used for the group.

Historical role: In the Achaemenid and later empires, the Magi were Zoroastrian priests associated with liturgical duties, ritual expertise, and sometimes interpretation of dreams and celestial phenomena. They could serve as advisers to rulers and were noted for learning in astrology and astronomy. Greek and Roman writers used the term to describe Persian religious functionaries, and the concept broadened in later periods.

Biblical Magi: The Gospel of Matthew describes Magi as travelers from the East who visited Jesus after his birth, guided by a celestial sign. They presented gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh; the text does not specify their origin or number. Tradition often identifies them with the “Three Wise Men,” though the scripture itself does not specify a number.

Legacy and usage: In Western tradition the Magi are linked with Epiphany and the figure of the Three Kings. The term also influenced the modern word magician through a common linguistic root, though it denotes different concepts. In scholarship, the historical Magi are discussed as a priestly class within ancient Iran, associated with Zoroastrian practice and astrology, rather than as generic wizards.