myrrh

Myrrh is a natural resin called an oleo-gum resin, obtained from the wounds of several Commiphora species, most notably Commiphora myrrha. The resin consists of hardened droplets of resin embedded in a small amount of gum and essential oil. It is collected by scraping the tree or tapping to release tears that dry into aromatic beads.

Throughout antiquity, myrrh was valued as incense, perfume, and a medicinal substance. It appears in ancient Egyptian texts and bibles; it was traded along routes linking the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula with the Mediterranean world. Its scent is described as warm, balsamic, and bitterly aromatic.

Modern production centers on the Horn of Africa, especially Somalia, Ethiopia, and Eritrea, with additional supply from Yemen and Oman. Harvesters collect tears by wounding the tree and allowing resin to exude; the droplets are dried, sorted, and sold as resin, powder, or essential oil. Myrrh is also used in commercial fragrances and cosmetics.

Formulations include the resin itself, ground powder, or essential oil preparations. Traditional uses include antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, and digestive applications, as well as incense and religious rites. Scientific evidence for efficacy is limited; some laboratory studies report antimicrobial or anti-inflammatory activity, but robust clinical data are lacking.

Quality myrrh is defined by purity and the ratio of resin to gum and oil; adulteration can occur. Essential oil should be used diluted and with care; ingestion or use during pregnancy should be discussed with a healthcare professional.