machicolations

Machicolations are architectural features of fortifications consisting of openings in the floor of a projecting parapet or gallery, through which defenders could drop projectiles, boiling liquids, or other substances on attackers at the base. The projecting element is supported by a series of corbels or brackets, forming a protective ledge around the openings.

The openings are typically arranged in a row along the underside of the parapet, creating a defensive screen that reaches outward beyond the wall surface. Machicolations are distinguished from firing slits or arrow loops; they allow downward attack while the defender remains protected behind the parapet. Variations include continuous floor openings set in a single gallery or discrete openings supported by individual brackets.

Historically, machicolations appear most prominently in medieval European fortifications, especially from the 12th to the 15th centuries. They were common on castle walls, gatehouses, and other military works, and were often used in combination with crenellations. In later periods they continued to appear in Gothic and Renaissance architecture and have also been adopted as decorative elements in revival styles.

Related terms include murder holes, which are openings in gatehouse ceilings used to drop harm on attackers; although related in use, they are a distinct architectural device. Today, machicolations are valued for their historical function as well as their distinctive silhouette, and they remain a recognizable feature of many surviving castles and fortifications.