lithobates

Lithobates is a genus of frogs in the family Ranidae commonly referred to as true frogs. The genus was established in 2006 following a comprehensive phylogenetic review of the Ranidae that redefined the taxonomy of North American and some Asian frog species. It replaced the former genus Rana for a large group of species that share genetic and morphological characteristics such as a streamlined body, long legs, and a tympanum positioned near the eye.

The name Lithobates derives from the Greek words *lithos* (stone) and *bates* (walker), reflecting the often semi‑aquatic habitats these frogs frequent, ranging from slow streams and ponds to wetlands. Lithobates species are distributed across the Americas, from the southwestern United States and Mexico southward to South America, with some species found in parts of western Asia. Differentiation among species is generally based on vocalization, coloration, and subtle morphological traits such as the presence or absence of dorsal ridges and differences in the shape of the snout.

Notable species include the green frog (Lithobates clamitans), the American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus), and the spotted salamander’s relative, the Oregon spotted frog (Lithobates oregonensis). Many Lithobates species are of conservation concern; habitat loss, pollution, and introduced predators have led to declines in several populations. Conservation efforts focus on protecting wetland habitats, regulating nonnative species, and monitoring populations through acoustic and visual surveys.

Research on Lithobates has contributed to broader understandings of amphibian phylogeny, biogeography, and the impacts of climate change on freshwater ecosystems. The genus remains a focal group for studies on amphibian development, disease dynamics, and adaptive evolution.