lipidpanel

A lipid panel, also called a lipid profile, is a blood test that measures lipids in the bloodstream to assess cardiovascular risk and guide treatment. It typically reports total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides. Some laboratories also report non-HDL cholesterol (total cholesterol minus HDL-C) and lipid ratios, and may provide direct LDL-C measurement when needed.

Use and purpose: The panel is used to screen adults for lipid disorders, estimate overall risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and monitor response to lipid-lowering therapies such as statins, fibrates, resins, or newer agents. It may be ordered as part of routine health checks, before starting a medication, or to evaluate changes in risk over time.

Testing details: Most protocols require fasting for 9–12 hours to minimize postprandial variation in triglycerides, although nonfasting samples are acceptable in many settings. Blood is drawn into a serum or plasma tube. LDL-C is commonly calculated with the Friedewald equation if triglycerides are below 400 mg/dL; when triglycerides are high or in certain patients, direct LDL-C measurement may be used.

Interpretation and targets: Lipid values are interpreted in the context of a person’s overall cardiovascular risk. Targets vary by guideline and risk category. In general, lower LDL-C and triglycerides are favorable, and higher HDL-C is considered protective, though treatment decisions depend on individual risk factors. Non-HDL cholesterol is used as an additional target, particularly when triglycerides are elevated.

Limitations: Results can be affected by recent meals, acute illness, certain medications, thyroid or liver disease, and kidney conditions. Very high triglycerides may require repeat testing or alternative methods.