lightningdetection

Lightning detection is the observation, measurement, and localization of lightning discharges. Detection systems aim to determine when a discharge occurs, where it occurs, and, in some cases, the stroke type and magnitude. Modern detection networks rely on numerous sensors distributed over a region to capture electromagnetic or optical signals produced by lightning.

Ground-based networks typically use radio-frequency sensors that detect very low frequency or low frequency emissions (sferics) from strokes. Time-of-arrival and magnetic direction finding methods use the precise timing from multiple stations to triangulate the location. Optical detection uses photodetectors that record lightning flashes, either from the ground or in space with satellite-based imagers such as the Geostationary Lightning Mapper and previous LIS instruments. In combination, data are time-stamped and synchronized with GPS, enabling near real-time location estimates and stroke counts. Some networks also estimate flash rate density and flash type distributions.

Major networks include the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN), Earth Networks Total Lightning Network (ENTLN), and Global Lightning Dataset GLD360. Satellite systems provide broad, complementary coverage. Output products include event catalogs, stroke coordinates, confidence estimates, and latency information used by meteorological agencies.

Applications include weather forecasting, severe-weather warnings, aviation and maritime safety, wildfire risk assessment, and electrical grid protection. Limitations include incomplete geographic coverage, especially over oceans, potential false positives from anthropogenic noise, and uncertainties in localization depending on sensor density and geometry. Ongoing improvements focus on sensor technology, data fusion, and rapid dissemination of alerts.